Resumen La necesidad de disponer de reservas gaso-petrolíferas es imperiosa en el mundo contemporáneo y en el caso de Cuba la situación se acentúa debido a factores externos. Por esta razón numerosas investigaciones son realizadas en el territorio nacional para localizar estructuras favorables donde puedan encontrase acumulaciones de hidrocarburos. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido estudiar los sedimentos marinos del Golfo de Guacanayabo (Cuba Oriental), los indicios de hidrocarburos en los fondos marinos y el establecimiento de las áreas de mayor interés. Para este estudio se ha combinado la batimetría y la sísmica de reflexión de alta resolución para realizar la cartografía de estructuras anómalas clasificadas como posibles pockmarks y volcanes de lodo (“mud volcanoes”), morfologías generadas por emisiones naturales de hidrocarburos en los fondos marinos. Asimismo, se ha establecido la relación entre emanaciones gaseosas y presencia de gas en los sedimentos del fondo marino y las estructuras profundas y someras en la región. Finalmente, se han establecido las áreas con mayores potenciales a partir de la integración de todos los resultados disponibles. Este estudio permite asegurar las potencialidades del Golfo de Guacanayabo para estudios posteriores en relación con la presencia de hidrocarburos en el subsuelo.

Abstract The need to have gas and oil reserves is imperative in the contemporary world and in the case of Cuba the situation is accentuated due to external factors. For this reason, numerous investigations are carried out in the national territory to locate favorable structures where accumulations of hydrocarbons can be found. The objective of this research has been to study the marine sediments of the Gulf of Guacanayabo (Eastern Cuba), the indications of hydrocarbons in the seabed and the establishment of the areas of greatest interest. For this study, the combined use of bathymetry and high-resolution reflection seismic was used to map anomalous structures classified as possible pockmarks and mud volcanoes, morphologies generated by natural hydrocarbon emissions in the seabed. Likewise, the relationship between gaseous emanations and the presence of gas in the sediments of the seabed and the deep and shallow structures in the region has been established. Finally, the areas with the greatest potential have been established from the integration of all the available results. This study allows to ensure the potentialities of the Gulf of Guacanayabo for subsequent studies in relation to the presence of hydrocarbons in the subsoil.

ABSTRACT Background: active research in students of Medical Sciences constitutes one of the strengths of Medical Higher Education in Cuba implemented from Primary Health Care to identify risk factors and achieve health in the community. Objective: to characterize the active research of students of Medical Sciences in COVID-19 prevention in a health area. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the health area of the Francisco Peña Peña Teaching Polyclinic of Nuevitas in the period from April to May 2020. The universe was formed by the 142 students of medicine, dentistry, nursing and technological careers to participate in active research. Results: the most representative medical degree in the participation of Medical Sciences students in the research was determined, 115 people with respiratory symptoms were identified by the students, of them there was a discrete predominance of the female sex and the group of the age of 41-60 years, the highest percentage of the population showed a level of very satisfied with the work carried out by students of the University of Medical Science. Conclusions: the medical career was the one with the highest participation in active research tasks, the issue of transmission routes for virus control was one of which the doctors knew the most, respiratory symptoms were identified in females, among the fourth and the sixth decade of life, almost the entire population surveyed showed a very satisfied level in relation to the performance of the students during the preventive work of active research.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la pesquisa activa en los alumnos de las Ciencias Médicas constituye unas de las fortalezas de la Educación Médica Superior en Cuba implementadas desde la Atención Primaria de Salud para la identificación de los factores de riesgo y lograr salud en la comunidad. Objetivo: caracterizar la pesquisa activa de los alumnos de las Ciencias Médicas en prevención del COVID-19 en un área de salud. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal en el área de salud del Policlínico Docente Francisco Peña Peña del municipio de Nuevitas en la provincia Camagüey desde abril a mayo de 2020. El universo se conformó por los 142 estudiantes de Medicina, Estomatología, Enfermería y Tecnologías de la Salud a participar en la pesquisa activa. Resultados: se determinó la carrera de Medicina como la más representativa en la participación de los alumnos en la pesquisa, se identificaron por los estudiantes 115 personas con sintomatología respiratoria, de ellos existió un discreto predominio del sexo femenino y predominó el grupo de edad de 41-60 años, el mayor porcentaje de la población mostró un nivel de muy satisfecho con la labor realizada por los galenos universitarios. Conclusiones: los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina fueron los de mayor participación en las labores de pesquisa activa, el tema de vías de transmisión para el control del virus fue de los que más conocimiento tenían los galenos, identificaron síntomas respiratorios en las féminas, entre la cuarta y sexta década de vida, casi la totalidad de la población pesquisada manifestó un nivel muy satisfecho en relación al desempeño de los estudiantes durante las labores preventivas de pesquisa activa.

INTRODUCTION Anemia is the main nutritional problem in Cuban preschool children, prompting several interventions to prevent and control it. An enhanced national strategy was established in 2008, and particular attention paid to the eastern provinces, the region with greatest challenges in social determinants of health. OBJECTIVE Determine anemia prevalence in children aged 6-59 months in Cuba's five eastern provinces in three separate years within a decade, as well as association of anemia with epidemiological and nutritional factors, to assess impact of Cuba's Comprehensive Plan for Prevention and Control of Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Cuba. METHODS Cross-sectional studies of children aged 6-59 months (completed) were conducted in 2005, 2008 and 2011. Hemoglobin levels were measured to diagnose anemia (hemoglobin <110 g/L) and data were collected on independent variables such as age, sex, area of residence (urban or rural), daycare center enrollment, birth weight, breastfeeding history, and maternal anemia during pregnancy. Frequency distributions were created and comparisons tested with the chi square, and odds ratios calculated with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Anemia prevalence in the region fell from 31.8% in 2005 to 26% in 2011; most of cases were mild (hemoglobin: 100-109 g/L). Prevalence was higher in children aged 6-23 months than in those aged 24-59 months throughout. No significant differences were found in anemia prevalence between boys and girls. Prevalence was higher in rural than in urban areas in 2005 (p = 0.026) and 2011 (p = 0.012). Daycare enrollment emerged as a protective factor in all three years. Low birth weight was associated with anemia only in 2011 (OR 1.74, CI 1.04-2.92). Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for six months increased over the study period; lack of breastfeeding was found to be associated with anemia in 2005 (OR 1.57, CI 1.05-2.34). Maternal anemia at onset of and during pregnancy was a significant risk factor in 2005 (OR 1.98, CI 1.27-3.10) and 2011 (OR 1.43, CI 1.05-1.94). CONCLUSIONS Although anemia prevalence steadily decreased over the study period, it continues to be a public health problem in Cuba and anemia prevention and control measures should be maintained and strengthened: interventions for women of childbearing age, fostering exclusive breastfeeding of infants through their sixth month, and encouraging compliance with recommendations on complementary feeding per Cuba's nutritional guidelines for children aged <2 years. Further evaluation is needed to identify the causes of anemia in the population of preschool children.

Anemia in children less than five years of age is the main nutritional problem in Cuba. The aim of this study was to assess the intake of iron-rich foods (IRF) and of enhancers of iron absorption (EIA) in children living in the five eastern provinces of Cuba and its association with anemia in 2005, 2008 and 2011. A food frequency questionnaire of 6 months and hemoglobin determination were used. Intake increased in red meat and poultry (44.2% to 60.4%), eggs (38.7% to 58.6%) and vegetables (47.6% to 56.2%); decreased in fruit (73.2% to 55.8%) and legumes (87.7% to 57.7%). The prevalence of anemia in children 6 to 11 months old showed a decrease (62.1% to 44.3%). A reduction in the prevalence of anemia in infants 12-23 months old was found in 2008 compared with 2005 and reversed slightly in 2011, a similar finding was observed in children 2-5 years old. There was a consistent association of anemia with low intake of eggs, vegetables and fruits, but and not with low intake of legumes. Children who attended daycare center ate more iron-rich foods and enhancers of iron absorption than those who did not. The group of children younger than 24 months old remains the most vulnerable group for anemia.

La anemia en niños menores de 5 años constituye el principal problema nutricional en Cuba. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el consumo de alimentos ricos en hierro y potenciadores de su absorción en niños residentes en las cinco provincias orientales de Cuba y la asociación con la anemia en los años 2005, 2008 y 2011. La evaluación se realizó mediante una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en el período de 6 meses anterior a la fecha del estudio y determinación de hemoglobina mediante HemoCue. El consumo frecuente entre 2005 a 2011 incrementó en cárnicos (44.2% a 60.4%), huevos (38.7% a 58.6%) y vegetales (47.6% a 56.2%); con un descenso en frutas (73.2% a 55.8%) y leguminosas (87.7% a 57.7%). La prevalencia de anemia disminuyó en niños de 6 a 11 meses de 2005 a 2011 (62.1% a 44.3%). Se observó disminución de la anemia en el grupo de 12 a 23 meses en 2008 que revierte ligeramente el 2011, de manera similar ocurrió en el grupo de 24 a 59 meses. Se encontró asociación de la anemia con el bajo consumo de huevo, vegetales y frutas; no con el consumo de leguminosas. Los niños que asisten a guardería consumían alimentos ricos en hierro y potenciadores de su absorción con mayor frecuencia que los que no asistían, por lo que la asistencia a guardería constituye un factor protector para la anemia en esta población. El grupo de niños menores de 24 meses se mantiene como el grupo de mayor vulnerabilidad para la anemia.